Well, darn.
First, the good news: The red Locktite did the trick, the stud unthreaded just fine. Was a little hassle to get the nuts OFF, but a judicious application of heat and everything worked out. Then, sloshed some white vinegar down the hole, pulled on the tube (fairly gently) to get some breathing room to squirt some vinegar in the front of the bulb...and the darned capillary tube just popped right off in my hand.
Shoot. Well, in theory I can add a new bulb to this gauge, just need a donor and some appropriate brass or copper sleeving. Not ideal, but better than nothing.
But now that it's *broken*, I should be able to grab ahold of the nipple on the bulb and really pull. Well, I can try... doesn't seem to do a darned thing. Can't pull straight out, can't twist, it's really in there.
So it's broken, it's stuck... it's just doing its best to peeve me, I tell you!
Wondering: How overly aggressive would CLR be if the vinegar won't do it? And otherwise I'll keep trying penetrating oil, acetone and ATF, homeopathic essential oils... whatever I can think of. And hey, I guess now I can use heat, too. Can't hurt anything now.